Peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency

Peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency is a disorder that causes deterioration of nervous system functions (neurodegeneration) beginning in infancy. Newborns with peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency have weak muscle tone (hypotonia) and seizures. They may have unusual facial features, including widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), a low nasal bridge, and low-set ears. Extra fingers or toes (polydactyly) or an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) also occur in some affected individuals.

Most babies with peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency learn to walk and begin speaking, but they experience a gradual loss of these skills (developmental regression), usually beginning between the ages of 1 and 3. As the condition gets worse, affected children develop exaggerated reflexes (hyperreflexia), increased muscle tone (hypertonia), more severe and recurrent seizures (epilepsy), and loss of vision and hearing. Most children with peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency do not survive past early childhood.

Peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency is a rare disorder. Its prevalence is unknown. Only a few dozen cases have been described in the medical literature.

Peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency is caused by mutations in the ACOX1 gene, which provides instructions for making an enzyme called peroxisomal straight-chain acyl-CoA oxidase. This enzyme is found in sac-like cell structures (organelles) called peroxisomes, which contain a variety of enzymes that break down many different substances. The peroxisomal straight-chain acyl-CoA oxidase enzyme plays a role in the breakdown of certain fat molecules called very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Specifically, it is involved in the first step of a process called the peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. This process shortens the VLCFA molecules by two carbon atoms at a time until the VLCFAs are converted to a molecule called acetyl-CoA, which is transported out of the peroxisomes for reuse by the cell.

ACOX1 gene mutations prevent the peroxisomal straight-chain acyl-CoA oxidase enzyme from breaking down VLCFAs efficiently. As a result, these fatty acids accumulate in the body. It is unclear exactly how VLCFA accumulation leads to the specific features of peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency. However, researchers suggest that the abnormal fatty acid accumulation triggers inflammation in the nervous system that leads to the breakdown of myelin, which is the covering that protects nerves and promotes the efficient transmission of nerve impulses. Destruction of myelin leads to a loss of myelin-containing tissue (white matter) in the brain and spinal cord; loss of white matter is described as leukodystrophy. Leukodystrophy is likely involved in the development of the neurological abnormalities that occur in peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency.

Genetic Testing Information

• Genetic Testing Registry: Acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

• Peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

• National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)

Clinical Trials

• ClinicalTrials.gov

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

• PEROXISOMAL ACYL-CoA OXIDASE DEFICIENCY

Scientific Articles on PubMed

• PubMed

• Aubourg P, Wanders R. Peroxisomal disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;113:1593-609. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-59565-2.00028-9. Citation on PubMed
• Carrozzo R, Bellini C, Lucioli S, Deodato F, Cassandrini D, Cassanello M, Caruso U, Rizzo C, Rizza T, Napolitano ML, Wanders RJ, Jakobs C, Bruno C, Santorelli FM, Dionisi-Vici C, Bonioli E. Peroxisomal acyl-CoA-oxidase deficiency: two new cases. Am J Med Genet A. 2008 Jul 1;146A(13):1676-81. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32298. Citation on PubMed
• Clayton PT. Clinical consequences of defects in peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Biochem Soc Trans. 2001 May;29(Pt 2):298-305. doi: 10.1042/0300-5127:0290298. Citation on PubMed
• El Hajj HI, Vluggens A, Andreoletti P, Ragot K, Mandard S, Kersten S, Waterham HR, Lizard G, Wanders RJ, Reddy JK, Cherkaoui-Malki M. The inflammatory response in acyl-CoA oxidase 1 deficiency (pseudoneonatal adrenoleukodystrophy). Endocrinology. 2012 Jun;153(6):2568-75. doi: 10.1210/en.2012-1137. Epub 2012 Apr 16. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
• Ferdinandusse S, Barker S, Lachlan K, Duran M, Waterham HR, Wanders RJ, Hammans S. Adult peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase deficiency with cerebellar and brainstem atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;81(3):310-2. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2009.176255. Citation on PubMed
• Ferdinandusse S, Denis S, Hogenhout EM, Koster J, van Roermund CW, IJlst L, Moser AB, Wanders RJ, Waterham HR. Clinical, biochemical, and mutational spectrum of peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase deficiency. Hum Mutat. 2007 Sep;28(9):904-12. doi: 10.1002/humu.20535. Citation on PubMed
• Kurian MA, Ryan S, Besley GT, Wanders RJ, King MD. Straight-chain acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency presenting with dysmorphia, neurodevelopmental autistic-type regression and a selective pattern of leukodystrophy. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2004;27(1):105-8. doi: 10.1023/b:boli.0000016687.88818.6d. Citation on PubMed
• Su HM, Moser AB, Moser HW, Watkins PA. Peroxisomal straight-chain Acyl-CoA oxidase and D-bifunctional protein are essential for the retroconversion step in docosahexaenoic acid synthesis. J Biol Chem. 2001 Oct 12;276(41):38115-20. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M106326200. Epub 2001 Aug 10. Citation on PubMed
• Suzuki Y, Iai M, Kamei A, Tanabe Y, Chida S, Yamaguchi S, Zhang Z, Takemoto Y, Shimozawa N, Kondo N. Peroxisomal acyl CoA oxidase deficiency. J Pediatr. 2002 Jan;140(1):128-30. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2002.120511. Citation on PubMed
• Wanders RJ, Klouwer FC, Ferdinandusse S, Waterham HR, Poll-The BT. Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Peroxisomal Disorders. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1595:329-342. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6937-1_30. Citation on PubMed